What is A Surge protective device（SPD)? How to install it in an AC power system?

A Surge Protective Device (SPD) is a critical component designed to safeguard electrical systems and equipment from voltage surges caused by lightning strikes, power grid fluctuations, or switching transients. SPDs divert excess voltage to the ground, clamping the voltage to a safe level and preventing damage to connected devices.

Key Components & Types:

1. Components:

Metal Oxide Varistors (MOVs): Voltage-dependent resistors that clamp surges.

Gas Discharge Tubes (GDTs): Ionize to create a low-resistance path during surges.

Transient Voltage Suppression (TVS) Diodes: Fast-acting components for sensitive electronics.

Types: 

Type 1 (Service Entrance): Installed at the main electrical panel to handle large external surges (e.g., lightning).

Type 2 (Distribution Panels): Used in subpanels to protect against residual surges and switching transients.

Type 3 (Point-of-Use): Installed near sensitive devices (e.g., outlets) for localized protection.

Installation in an AC Power System:

1. Selection:

Choose the SPD type based on location (Type 1 for main panels, Type 2 for subpanels, Type 3 for outlets).

2. Ensure compatibility with system voltage (e.g., 120/240V single-phase, 480V three-phase).

Safety Precautions:

1. Turn off power at the main breaker before installation.

2. Use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE).

3. Mounting:

Type 1/2: Mount on a DIN rail or enclosure near the electrical panel.

Type 3: Install directly at outlets or within power strips.

4. Wiring:

Single-Phase: Connect line (L) and neutral (N) conductors to the SPD terminals, then ground (PE) to the grounding bus.

Three-Phase: Connect all phases (L1, L2, L3), neutral, and ground.

Use short, straight conductors (≤0.5m) to minimize impedance. Follow manufacturer guidelines for wire sizing (e.g., 10 AWG).

5. Grounding:

Ensure a low-impedance path to the grounding electrode system.

Bond all grounding points to prevent potential differences.

6. Cascaded Protection:

Combine Type 1 (main panel), Type 2 (subpanels), and Type 3 (outlets) for layered defense.

7. Compliance:

Adhere to standards like NEC Article 285 (North America) or IEC 61643 (international).

Testing & Maintenance:

Indicators: Check LED status lights regularly to confirm functionality.

Replacement: Replace SPDs after major surges or when indicators signal end-of-life.

Inspection: Periodically inspect for physical damage or degradation, even without surges.

Common Mistakes to Avoid:

Using overly long grounding wires.

Mixing SPD types improperly (e.g., installing Type 3 at a main panel).

Ignoring coordination between SPDs in cascaded systems.

By following these guidelines, SPDs effectively mitigate surge risks, ensuring prolonged equipment lifespan and system reliability. Always consult manufacturer instructions and local codes for precise installation details.